Imperfect Pharmacy Notes 8th Semester
BIOSTATISITCS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Unit 1
Introduction: Statistics, Biostatistics, Frequency distribution.
Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode- Pharmaceutical examples.
Measures of dispersion: Dispersion, Range, standard deviation, Pharmaceutical problems.
Correlation: Definition, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, multiple correlation-
Pharmaceuticals examples.
OPEN UNIT 1
Unit 2
Regression: Curve fitting by the method of least squares, fitting the lines y= a + bx and x = a +
by, Multiple regression, standard error of regression– Pharmaceutical examples. Probability:
Definition of probability, Binomial distribution, Normal distribution, Poisson’s distribution,
properties– problems.
Sample, Population, large sample, small sample, Null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis,
sampling, essence of sampling, types of sampling, Error-I type, Error-II type, Standard error of
mean (SEM) – Pharmaceutical examples.
Parametric test: t-test (Sample, Pooled or Unpaired and Paired), ANOVA, (One way and Two
way), Least Significance difference.
OPEN UNIT 2
Unit 3
Non-Parametric tests: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test,
Friedman Test.
Introduction to Research: Need for research, Need for design of Experiments, Experiential
Design Technique, Plagiarism.
Graphs: Histogram, Pie Chart, Cubic Graph, response surface plot, Counter Plot graph
Designing the methodology: Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing
and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies,
Designing clinical trial, various phases.
OPEN UNIT 3
Unit 4
Blocking and confounding system for Two-level factorials.
Regression modeling: Hypothesis testing in Simple and Multiple regression models
Introduction to Practical components of Industrial and Clinical Trials Problems: Statistical
Analysis Using Excel, SPSS, MINITAB®, Design of experiment, R- Online Statistical
Software’s to Industrial and Clinical trial approach.
OPEN UNIT 4
Unit 5
Design and Analysis of experiments:
Factorial Design: Definition, 22
, 23
design. Advantages of factorial design.
Response Surface methodology: Central composite design, Historical design, Optimization
Techniques.